Vitamin C

Vitamin C is a substance that has an anti-scurvy and includes two components and their salts: ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid.

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for men and very few other species of animals, since most of the animals, plants and algae can synthesize vitamin C from glucose and other sugars. All animals which require vitamin C are animals that lack the enzyme L-gulano-gamma-lactone oxidase, which is the last step in the synthesis of ascorbic acid from glucose.

The absorption of vitamin C on the part of the small intestine depends on the intake. Taking 30 mg a day, the vitamin is almost completely absorbed. With an intake of between 30 and 180 mg, it is absorbed 70-90%, while doses of 1-1.5 g are absorbed to 50%.
Metabolised in the intestine, the ascorbic acid is then sent to the tissues. The highest levels of ascorbic acid is found in the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, and in white blood cells in the brain.

About 90% of vitamin C in the diet is obtained from fruits and vegetables. Vitamin C is present mainly in leafy green vegetables such as peppers, citrus fruits, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, spinach, kiwi and strawberries. Vitamin may get lost if these foods are kept in air for a long time or inside metal containers. The cooking can lead to vitamin loss (in some cases up to 75%), this phenomenon can be reduced by taking a cooking that is as fast as possible and in a little water.

The most severe form of deficiency syndrome of vitamin C is scurvy. The disease particularly affects the production of collagen and intercellular substance cementante. This leads to alterations of the blood vessels with the appearance of hemorrhage, slowing of wound healing, gingivitis, bleeding gums and bones of osteoporosis. In children there is also a stunted. The various sviluppantesi bleeding can also lead to a framework of iron anemia.
In general, the symptoms of scurvy include inflamed and bleeding gums, ecchymoses, follicular hyperkeratosis, hair worm, perifollicolari bleeding, impaired wound healing, dry eyes and mouth (Sjögren's syndrome), arthralgia, articular effusions, muscle weakness, myalgia, fatigue, depression , frequent infections, anemia, anorexia, diarrhea, kidney and lung disorders.

Many of the symptoms of scurvy, including those of connective tissue, can be explained by the documented biochemical roles of vitamin C and, specifically, its role as co-factor for the enzyme involved in the formation of collagen. Collagen synthesized in the absence of ascorbic acid (as happens in scurvy) can not form fibers properly and the resulting different defects, such as the fragility of the blood vessels. In enzymatic reactions that lead to the formation of collagen-ascorbic acid is involved and acts as a reducing agent.
The ascorbic acid is also involved in the biosynthesis of other connective tissue components, including elastin, the fibronectin, the proteoglycans, the bone matrix and fibrillina associated  elastina. Seems to have a role in expression of the gene of collagen and cellular secretion of procollagen.
The fatigue and weakness of scurvy may be linked to a lack of L-carnitine, in which ascorbic acid biosynthesis is a crucial factor.
In addition, ascorbic acid is involved in the modulation of the absorption, transport and storage of iron. It helps the absorption of iron and stimulates the synthesis. Also involved the conversion of cholesterol into acid reducer biliaco agent.
The ascorbic acid is one of the most renowned and antioxidants likely play a preventive role in certain chronic degenerative disorders such as coronary disorders and cancer.

Vitamin C has antioxidant action. It may also have anti-aterogeniche (against arterosclerosi), anti-hypertensive (blood pressure lowering), antivirals, antihistamines, immunomodulatory, oftalmoprotettive and protective airway. Can help in the detoxification of some heavy metals like lead and other toxic elements and, as documented by some studies, has a probable inhibitory action in vitro replication of human viruses of immunodeficienza 1 (HIV-1).

The antioxidant effects of vitamin C have been well documented: many studies have shown that vitamin C may protect plasma lipids, DNA and protein by several oxidative processes.

The antioxidant activity of vitamin C plays an important role in cardioprotettiva. Numerous studies have shown that vitamin C, alone or combined with other nutrients, can not only significantly inhibit the oxidation of low density lipoprotein, but also of total cholesterol.

Numerous studies have shown a positive effect on high and on vasodilation in patients with coronary artery disorders, diabetes type 1 and 2, and in smokers.

In the further experimental, has been documented a possible protective activity of vitamin C against several types of cancer, mainly through its inhibitory effect of oxidation of DNA and other processes oxidants and its possible effect on the immune system. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown a significant relationship between a higher intake of vitamin C through diet and a lower incidence of cancer, especially colon-rectal, stomach, lung, breast, esophagus, oral cavity and lari pharyngeal.
Many studies have suggested that a dietary vitamin C could reduce the toxicity and / or increase the effectiveness of some conventional treatments against cancer. However, the results are discordant.

Studies have verified that vitamin C can inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori and thus reduce the incidence of ulcers and gastric carcinomas. In vitro, high concentrations of vitamin C have inhibited more than 90% growth of H. pylori.

Vitamin C also showed many actions on the immune system. It's been shown that can favorably modulate the lymphocytes and phagocytes.

The study on the possible properties that vitamin C would reduce the incidence of common colds has given negative results. However, in three tests subjects suffering from acute physical stress, the integration of vitamin C led to a 50% incidence of common colds. A series of 4 English exams has shown a 30% reduction in incidence of colds in those who had been administered vitamin C.
It's been shown that vitamin C may be beneficial for those suffering from pneumonia and bronchitis, as well as to protect the airway from the effects of allergens, viral infections and irritant agents, or by all those factors that increase oxidative stress airway leading to bronchoconstriction.

High doses of vitamin C have been associated with reducing the incidence of cataracts. One study reported that an average dose of 300 mg per day of vitamin C can reduce by 70% the risk of cataracts.

Recently, it was discovered that the ascorbic acid levels in women were inversely related to the presence of gallbladder disorders.

Another review has recently studied the effects of daily administration of 500 mg of vitamin C for 50 days in individuals with wrist fractures who had been treated traditionally, reporting a reduction in the incidence of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

The researchers also discovered that vitamin C may help protect cells of endotelio and reduce the permeability of capillaries thus reducing the lipid peroxidation in cases of burns. Some of these mechanisms can probably explain the beneficial effect of vitamin C for several types of injuries and disorders of the gums.

Finally, an analysis showed that administration of 500 mg vitamin C in subjects with asthma problems 90 minutes before exercise can reduce bronchial spasms.


VITAMIN C
Main actions:
antioxidant, anti-aterogenico (against arterosclerosi), anti-hypertensive (blood pressure lowering), antiviral, antihistamine, immunomodulatory, and oftalmoprotettiva protective airway, detoxicating

Main uses:

chronic diseases characterized by oxidative damage of biological molecules
cardiovascular disorders and cancer (especially if caused by smoking)
colds, respiratory infections, asthma
cataracts
ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinomas
disorders of the gall bladder in women
wounds, burns,
welfare of the gums
detoxification
Osteoporosis

Assay standards:
The minimum dose sufficient to prevent scurvy is about 10 mg per day. However, the low doses recommended by the various national health organizations ranging from 45 mg to 2 g per day. In particular:
Smoking in the minimum daily dose should be doubled, suggesting that the turnover of vitamin C is increased by 40%
in pregnant women it is considered that the daily minimum is increased by 10 mg daily,
in women who are breastfeeding, you should increase the minimum dose of 30 mg per day

Contraindications:
Do not use if you are particularly sensitive to vitamin C
During pregnancy and lactation does not exceed the recommended dose
If you suffer from kidney or renal failure, not to exceed recommended doses
Individuals who suffer from Hemochromatosis, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, sickle cell anemia and deficiency eritrocitica should not exceed the recommended dose
High doses of vitamin C (greater than 10 g per day) can cause gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea and flatulence

Interaction with drugs:
The intake of vitamin C in high doses at the same time anti-acids containing aluminum, can increase the urinary excretion of aluminum
The chronic use of high doses of aspirin may lead to an imbalance of vitamin C
Vitamin C can enhance the anti-neoplastic action of some chemotherapeutic agents

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